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O caminho para a boa política no Brasil

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Coluna PolÉtica
por Carlos Oliveira

A honestidade começa em casa, desde criança, e é uma virtude que deve ser cultivada com todo afinco, dedicação, persistência. Este é o passo cultural rumo à política de qualidade. Outras inciativas são mudanças institucionais profundas, algo nunca experimentado no país. Vejo o voto majoritário (distrital) e em lista fechada como a principal saída

O grande mal da política brasileira continua a ser o personalismo, mas há um paradoxo aí (explico depois). E é lastimável a gente não ter aproveitado a grande oportunidade de romper com essa cultura perversa. Qual foi essa oportunidade? A Constituição de 1988, que acaba de fazer 25 anos.

A chance era inimaginável, era o tão sonhado “começar do zero”. Deveríamos ter fortalecido a democracia, incentivado a aproximação verdadeira entre representantes e representados, mas o conservadorismo foi preponderante. O sistema eleitoral do país seguiu privilegiando o candidato, a pessoa, em detrimento das ideias. Quais problemas essa prática tem gerado, então? Vou falar, resumidamente, de dois pontos.

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Em primeiro lugar, as campanhas eleitorais, a cada pleito, ficam mais caras, o dinheiro é escasso, e aí está a primeira brecha para a corrupção. Cada candidato a deputado, vereador, concorre com colegas do próprio partido, além de ter de enfrentar os das outras agremiações.

Para terem sucesso, precisam de financiamento; e de onde vem o recurso? Sob quais circunstâncias? Como deverá ser a retribuição caso sejam eleitos? Quem tem respondido a tais questões, quase sempre, é o Ministério Público, Polícia Federal, Civil, fora boa parte das manchetes de jornais e revistas. A gente tá cansado de ver, a cada semana, um turbilhão de denúncias contra políticos dos mais variados espectros.

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Outro problema do personalismo, por incrível que pareça, é a falta de proximidade entre o eleito e aquele que o elegeu. Normalmente, conforme aponta a maioria das pesquisas, cerca de 70% do eleitorado não se lembra em quem votou para deputado.

Lembra-se do paradoxo que citei no início do texto? Pois é, mesmo tendo um sistema eleitoral centrado em candidatos, quase 90% dos deputados federais eleitos no Brasil não se elegeram sozinhos, ou seja, sem o somatório dos votos do partido ou da coligação. Raros são os que atingem individualmente o quociente eleitoral.

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O votante, quase sempre, escolhe seu voto porque gosta do político fulano de tal, porque os amigos indicaram, porque deve favores, espera favores, ou por simplesmente “ir com a cara do candidato” que é mais visto. Pouquíssimos se importam com o partido do político A ou B, suas ideias.

Isso tudo, posso crer, entre outros fatores históricos, se deve ao sistema proporcional para eleger deputados e vereadores. Do jeito que é atualmente, o eleitor escolhe o candidato A, o voto dele acaba elegendo o B. Nem sempre o mais votado ganha. É estranho, não?

Vale ponderar que a ideia do constituinte original até que não era tão ruim assim, pois esperavam, com a proporcionalidade, dar oportunidades de representação às minorias. Entretanto, muitas vezes, nem as tais minorias se sentem realmente representadas.

O que fazer para mudar? Não vejo outra saída a não ser implantar o sistema majoritário (conhecido como distrital) no Brasil. Como funcionaria? Imagina São Paulo, que tem direito a 70 cadeiras na Câmara dos Deputados.

Cada uma dessas vagas seria um distrito, no qual o candidato mais votado seria o eleito. Com isso, o político seria da mesma comunidade dos seus eleitores, que, por sua vez, poderiam acompanhar mais de perto seu representante, cobrar mais, saber o que ele realmente faz ou deixa de fazer, etc.

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E, a meu gosto, para funcionar bem, a gente deveria votar em partidos, não em pessoas. A grande questão, nesse caso, é como os partidos vão elaborar suas listas? Apenas os figurões estariam nas primeiras posições?

A solução para isso são as prévias. Cada partido tem seus filiados e eles determinariam a ordem da lista ao votar naqueles dispostos a serem deputados. Quem receber mais voto fica nos primeiros lugares. Logo, depois da disputa eleitoral nos distritos, os partidos ocupariam as cadeiras exatamente conforme a quantidade de votos que receberam.

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Com isso, abre-se espaço para ideias, em vez de a personalidades, e o custo das campanhas baixaria radicalmente.

Claro, nunca haverá garantia de corrupção zero, pois as mazelas são função da índole de cada indivíduo. Se na vida cotidiana a pessoa é tolerante aos malfeitos caso venha se beneficiar, é dessa forma que será na vida pública.

Se você quiser saber mais sobre o voto distrital, acesse http://www.euvotodistrital.org.br/

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